Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (TAO) - TAO Journal

Volume 37, Issue 1
December 2026

Table of Contents

Terrestrial, Atmospheric and
Oceanic Sciences (TAO)

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1017-0839 (Print)
2311-7680 (Online)

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Introduction to the special issue on Gravity and geoid in the Asia Pacific

Author:
- Author(s): Cheinway Hwang, Wen-Bin Shen, Xiaopeng Li, and Ami Hassan Md Din
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.30.01
- Keywords: Asia Pacific Geoid GNSS/leveling Gravity International Association of Geodesy
- Citation: Hwang, C., W.-B. Shen, X. Li, and A. H. M. Din, 2021: Introduction to the special issue on gravity and geoid in the Asia Pacific. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 777-780, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.30.01
A new Philippine geoid model from airborne and terrestrial gravity data
Author:
- The latest geoid model for the Philippines assessed by GNSS/leveling data
- Improved geoidal accuracies over the previous geoid models
- Continual efforts to improve Philippine geoid models by new data and methods
- Author(s): Ronaldo Cruz Gatchalian, René Forsberg, and Arne Vestergaard Olesen
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.11.15.01
- Keywords: Geoid Height systems GNSS levelling Gravity anomalies Satellite altimetry
- Citation: Gatchalian, R. C., R. Forsberg, and A. V. Olesen, 2021: A new Philippine geoid model from airborne and terrestrial gravity data. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 913-920, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.11.15.01
Estimating bathymetry from multi-mission satellite altimetry data using Gravity-Geologic Method over Malaysian Seas
Author:
- Satellite altimetry data have been utilised to derive mean sea surface height
- Free-air gravity anomaly was computed using Fast Fourier Technique
- The Gravity-Geologic Method is employed in order to estimate bathymetry
- Author(s): Astina Tugi, Ami Hassan Md Din, Nornajihah Mohammad Yazid, Abdullah Hisam Omar, Amalina Izzati Abdul Hamid, and Noor Anim Zanariah Yahaya
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.11.08.03
- Keywords: Bathymetry Satellite Altimetry Gravity geologic Method Gravity anomaly
- Citation: Tugi, A., A. H. M. Din, N. M. Yazid, A. H. Omar, A. I. A. Hamid, and N. A. Z. Yahaya, 2021: Estimating bathymetry from multi-mission satellite altimetry data using Gravity-Geologic Method over Malaysian Seas. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 887-905, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.11.08.03

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Removing interference echoes in Philippine radars using a fuzzy logic approach
Author:
- Developing fuzzy logic approach for removing interference echoes
- The fuzzy logic approach was applied to the QC of PAGASA radar reflectivity
- The performance of the fuzzy logic QC improved the quality of reflectivity map
- Author(s): Pin-Fang Lin, Lester Kim M. Lagrimas, Jung-Bin Wang, Pao-Liang Chang, Wei-Ting Fang, John Grender C. Almario, Ben Jong-Dao Jou, and Esperanza O. Cayanan
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.20.01
- Keywords: Philippine radars Interference echoes Fuzzy logic
- Citation: Lin, P.-F., L. K. M. Lagrimas, J.-B. Wang, P.-L. Chang, W.-T. Fang, J. G. C. Almario, B. J.-D. Jou, and E. O. Cayanan, 2021: Removing interference echoes in Philippine radars using a fuzzy logic approach. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 755-776, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.20.01
A statistical study of the monsoon trough and associated tropical cyclogenesis over the western North Pacific
Author:
- The relationship between the daily variation in the monsoon trough and tropical cyclogenesis is established
- A total of 57.3% of TC formations are associated with an active monsoon trough
- The average daily genesis rate ranges from 13.9% to 24.6% with an active monsoon trough
- Author(s): Tao Feng and Tao Zheng
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.15.02
- Keywords: Tropical cyclogenesis Monsoon trough Daily genesis rate
- Citation: Feng, T. and T. Zheng, 2021: A statistical study of the monsoon trough and associated tropical cyclogenesis over the western North Pacific. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 1215-1226, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.15.02
Large-scale processes modulating the frequency of typhoons affecting Taiwan during 1900 - 1945
Author:
- Annual and monthly typhoon numbers were lower during 1900–1945 than 1970–2015
- TC-more years tended to have warm SST anomalies in the tropical central Pacific
- The ISO had a positive effect to steer typhoon movements toward Taiwan
- Author(s): Pei-Hua Tan, Jien-Yi Tu, and Mei-Yun Tsai
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.11.29.01
- Keywords: Interannual variability Typhoon track Cold period Presatellite era Intraseasonal oscillation
- Citation: Tan, P.-H., J.-Y. Tu, and M.-Y. Tsai, 2021: Large-scale processes modulating the frequency of typhoons affecting Taiwan during 1900–1945. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 1197-1213, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.11.29.01

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Numerical investigation of tide and sea level anomalies propagation in Malacca Strait
Author:
- Barotropic model can be used to study tidal and SLA propagation in Malacca Strait
- Tidal mixing zone is identified in the mid-southern part of Malacca Strait
- Tidal mixing zone effects SLA propagation in Malacca Strait
- Author(s): Alamsyah Kurniawan, Serene Hui Xin Tay, and Seng Keat Ooi
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.10.12.01
- Keywords: Tide Sea level anomalies Propagation Tidal mixing Volume transport Malacca Strait
- Citation: Kurniawan, A., S. H. X. Tay, and S. K. Ooi, 2021: Numerical investigation of tide and sea level anomalies propagation in Malacca Strait. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 571-582, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.10.12.01
Carbonate chemistry of the Dongsha Atoll Lagoon in the northern South China Sea

Author:
- Author(s): Lan-Feng Fan, Song-Quan Qiu, and Wen-Chen Chou
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.05.15.02
- Keywords: Carbonate chemistry Dongsha Atoll Coral reef CO2 Ocean acidification South China Sea
- Citation: Fan, L.-F., S.-Q. Qiu, and W.-C. Chou, 2021: Carbonate chemistry of the Dongsha Atoll Lagoon in the northern South China Sea. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 399-409, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.05.15.02
Phytoplankton production and consumption rate in the warm and cold seasons in the coastal ecosystem of Matsu Island
Author:
- We studied the carbon flux in the microbial and classical food webs
- Large autotrophs (>20 μm) were available for mesozooplankton in the warm season
- Microbial food web was found to be an important compartment in the cold season
- Author(s): An-Yi Tsai, Gwo-Ching Gong, Kuo-Ping Chiang, and Sheng-Fang Tsai
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.05.15.01
- Keywords: Phytoplankton Mesozooplankton Microbial food webs Classical food webs
- Citation: Tsai, A.-Y., G.-C. Gong, K.-P. Chiang, and S.-F. Tsai, 2021: Phytoplankton production and consumption rate in the warm and cold seasons in the coastal ecosystem of Matsu Island. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 391-398, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.05.15.01

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Post-collisional and volcanic features of the Late Miocene-Pleistocene foreland area, northern offshore Taiwan

Author:
- Author(s): Ho-Han Hsu, Eason Yi-Cheng Yang, Jih-Hsin Chang, Chih-Chieh Su, Char-Shine Liu, Shye-Donq Chiu, and Jen-Sen Shen
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.30.04
- Keywords: Wedge top Post collision Volcanism Taiwan
- Citation: Hsu, H.-H., E. Y.-C. Yang, J.-H. Chang, C.-C. Su, C.-S. Liu, S.-D. Chiu, and J.-S. Shen, 2021: Postcollisional and volcanic features of the Late Miocene-Pleistocene foreland area, northern offshore Taiwan. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 1289-1302, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.30.04
Introduction to the special issue on New advances on stratigraphy and paleontology in Taiwan

Author:
- Author(s): Jih-Pai Lin, Chien-Hsiang Lin, Wei-Chia Chu, and Chun-Hsiang Chang
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.29.01
- Keywords: Fossils Cenozoic geology Taxonomy Paleobotany Paleoecology Echinodermata
- Citation: Lin, J.-P., C.-H. Lin, W.-C. Chu, and C.-H. Chang, 2021: Introduction to the special issue on new advances on stratigraphy and paleontology in Taiwan. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 1047-1050, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.29.01
Water of eastern Taiwan mud volcanoes. Part I. H, triple O, triple Sr isotopes, and trace elements of Lo-Shan mud volcano
Author:
- Waters of MV LS result from low-temperature WR interaction with igneous rocks
- Water isotopes denote regional source and Sr isotopes indicate fluid reservoir
- A 19-year record shows stable source with minor shift of fluid reservoir of MV LS
- Author(s): Hung-Chun Chao, Chen-Feng You, In-Tian Lin, Hsueh-Yu Lu, Hou-Chun Liu, and Chuan-Hsiung Chung
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.26.01
- Keywords: Mud volcano Radiogenic Sr isotope Stable Sr isotope Sediment hosted geothermal system Water rock interaction Triple oxygen isotopes
- Citation: Chao, H.-C., C.-F. You, I.-T. Lin, H.-Y. Lu, H.-C. Liu, and C.-H. Chung, 2021: Water of eastern Taiwan mud volcanoes. Part I. H, triple O, triple Sr isotopes, and trace elements of Lo-Shan mud volcano. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 1227-1253, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.26.01

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Introduction to the special issue on Exploring the terrestrial and space weather using an operational radio occultation satellite constellation - A FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 Special Issue after 1-year on orbit

Author:
- Author(s): Charles Lin, Shu-Chih Yang, Shu-Peng Ho, and Nicholas M. Pedatella
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.31.01
- Keywords: Radio occultation Weather forecast Space weather FORMOSAT 7 COSMIC 2
- Citation: Lin, C. C. H., S.-C. Yang, S.-P. Ho, and N. M. Pedatella, 2021: Introduction to the special issue on Exploring the terrestrial and space weather using an operational radio occultation satellite constellation - A FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 Special Issue after 1-year on orbit. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 921-923, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.31.01
Comprehensive validation of the FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 electron density profiles and its application to space weather
Author:
- Validations for FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 ionospheric profile and assimilated results
- FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 provides dense and reliable data for ionospheric monitoring
- Ionospheric profiles are important to advance the forecasts of data assimilation system
- Author(s): I-Te Lee, Jyun-Ying Huang, Hsu-Hui Ho, Wen-How Yeh, and Mark Chia-Ping Cheng
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.30.03
- Keywords: FORMOSAT 7/COSMIC 2 Radio occultation Ionospheric profiles Data assimilation Space weather forecast
- Citation: Lee, I.-T., J.-Y. Huang, H.-H. Ho, W.-H. Yeh, and M. C.-P. Cheng, 2021: Comprehensive validation of the FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 electron density profiles and its application to space weather. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 1033-1045, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.30.03
Comparison of COSMIC-2 radio occultation retrievals with RS41 and RS92 radiosonde humidity and temperature measurements
Author:
- Evaluate the quality of the RS41/RS92 data and two COSMIC-2 wet profile retrievals
- Comprehensive evaluations of the bias and uncertainty of RAOB data versus RO data
- Investigate height and day-night dependence of temperature and humidity biases
- Author(s): Xi Shao, Shu-Peng Ho, Bin Zhang, Xinjia Zhou, Stanislav Kireev, Yong Chen, and Changyong Cao
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.30.02
- Keywords: COMISC 2 Vaisala RS41 and RS92 Radiosonde Atmospheric temperature Water vapor
- Citation: Shao, X., S.-P. Ho, B. Zhang, X. Zhou, S. Kireev, Y. Chen, and C. Cao, 2021: Comparison of COSMIC-2 radio occultation retrievals with RS41 and RS92 radiosonde humidity and temperature measurements. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 1015-1032, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.30.02

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Variations in extreme precipitation and relation to the Asia summer monsoon over the Qinling-Dabashan Mountains, China
Author:
- Extreme precipitation changes over time in the QDM
- Regional trends of only PRCPTOT change larger in the QDM and three subregions
- The East Asian Summer Monsoon has a stronger influence than the South Asian Summer Monsoon on extreme precipitation
- Author(s): Jun Li, Yuandi Zhao, Dan Yang, and Javed Iqbal Tanoli
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.18.02
- Keywords: Extreme precipitation Daily precipitation Asian summer monsoon Translational climate zone Qinling Dabashan Mountains
- Citation: Li, J., Y. Zhao, D. Yang, and J. I. Tanoli, 2021: Variations in extreme precipitation and relation to the Asia summer monsoon over the Qinling-Dabashan Mountains, China. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 1271-1288, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.18.02
Optimal estimates and uncertainty of low-permeability soil fractions in a complicated aquifer system
Author:
- Aquifer low-permeability soils are key for hydrogeology and groundwater management
- Median and E-type estimates of low-permeability soil fractions are determined
- Median estimates are more reliable than E-type estimates due to high variability
- Author(s): Shih-Kai Chen, Cheng-Shin Jang, and Ya-Hsuan Wang
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.18.01
- Keywords: Low permeability soil Aquifer Indicator kriging Uncertainty Conditional cumulative distribution function
- Citation: Chen, S.-K., C.-S. Jang, and Y.-H. Wang, 2021: Optimal estimates and uncertainty of low-permeability soil fractions in a complicated aquifer system. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 1255-1270, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.12.18.01
A global-scale overview of precipitation-deficit flash droughts
Author:
- The study presents a framework to characterize precipitation-deficit flash droughts
- Frequency of flash droughts shows recognizable geographical and seasonal patterns
- Only a few areas exhibit significant trends in the number of events faced over time
- Author(s): Natalia Limones
- DOI: 10.3319/TAO.2021.09.16.01
- Keywords: Precipitation extremes Flash drought Spatiotemporal patterns Drought indexes High resolution gridded datasets
- Citation: Limones, N., 2021: A global-scale overview of precipitation-deficit flash droughts. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 32, 597-611, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2021.09.16.01

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